Acronyms and Abbreviations
3Rs: replacement, reduction, or refinement of animal use
AC50: half-maximal activity concentration
ACC: activity concentration at cutoff
ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
AFSA: Animal-Free Safety Assessment (Collaboration)
AgNPs: silver nanoparticles
AI: artificial intelligence
AIVIVE: artificial intelligence-aided in vitro to in vivo extrapolation
ALT: alanine aminotransferase
AOP: adverse outcome pathway
API: application programming interface
AST: aspartate aminotransferase
ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
AWIC: Animal Welfare Information Center (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
BCOP: bovine corneal opacity and permeability (assay)
CAAT: Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (Johns Hopkins University)
CAMERA: Collection of Alternative Methods for Regulatory Application
CATMoS: Collaborative Acute Toxicity Modeling Suite
CBC: Chemical Biological Center (U.S. Army, U.S. Department of War)
CBD: cannabidiol
CDER: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (U.S. Food and Drug Administration)
cHTS: curated high-throughput screening
Cmax: maximum plasma concentration
CoMPAIT: Collaborative Modeling Project for Acute Inhalation Toxicity
Complement-ARIE: Complement Animal Research in Experimentation (National Institutes of Health)
CPSC: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
CYP: cytochrome P450
DA: defined approach
DART: developmental and reproductive toxicology
DASS: defined approaches for skin sensitization
devTOXqP: devTOX quickPredict assay (Stemina, Inc.)
DILI drug-induced liver injury
DNT: developmental neurotoxicity
DNT-DIVER: Developmental NeuroToxicity Data Integration and Visualization Enabling Resource (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences)
DOE: U.S. Department of Energy
DOI: U.S. Department of the Interior
DOT: U.S. Department of Transportation
DoW: U.S. Department of War
DSSTox: Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
EASA: electrophilic allergen screening assay
ECOTOX: Ecotoxicology Knowledgebase (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
ED01: dermal dosage at which there is a 1% chance of inducing sensitization
EHS: environmental health science
ENTRÉE :Engaging NAMs for Toxicant Regulation and Effects (U.S. Food and Drug Administration)
EPA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
eSTAR: Emerging Systems Toxicology for the Assessment of Risk (Health and Environmental Sciences Institute)
FAIR: findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability (of data)
FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
GHS: United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
HCMI: Human Cancer Models Initiative (National Cancer Institute)
HESI: Health and Environmental Sciences Institute
HFP: Human Foods Program (U.S. Food and Drug Administration)
HPPT: human predictive patch test
HTS: high-throughput screening
httk: High-throughput Toxicokinetics (software package, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
IATA: integrated approach to testing and assessment
ICCVAM: Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods
ILMERAC: International Liaison Group on Methods for Risk Assessment of Chemicals
InHALES: Independent Holistic Air–Liquid Exposure System (TissUse GMBH)
iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell
ISTAND: Innovative Science and Technology Approaches for New Drugs (U.S Food and Drug Administration)
IVIVE: in vitro to in vivo extrapolation
JHU: Johns Hopkins University
JP-5: jet fuel formulation
KCC: key characteristic of carcinogens
LC50: in traditional acute inhalation or aquatic toxicity tests, the concentration that produces lethality in 50% of the animals tested
LD50: in traditional acute dermal or oral systemic toxicity tests, the dose that produces lethality in 50% of the animals tested
LDH: lactate dehydrogenase
LLNA: local lymph node assay
MPS: microphysiological systems
MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MSTI: (E)-2-(4-mercaptostyryl)-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indol-1-ium
NAM: new approach methodology
nanoEHS: nano environmental health and safety
NC: Not Classified (GHS classification)
NCATS: National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information (National Library of Medicine)
NCI: National Cancer Institute (National Institutes of Health)
NICE: NIH Integrated Chemical Environment
NICEATM: National Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Test Methods
NIEHS: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (National Institutes of Health)
NIH: National Institutes of Health
NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology
NLM: National Library of Medicine (National Institutes of Health)
NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NTP: National Toxicology Program
OASIS: Omics for Assessing Signatures for Integrated Safety (Health and Environmental Sciences Institute)
OBO: Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OHT: OECD Harmonised Template
OLAW: Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (National Institutes of Health)
OPERA: Open (Quantitative) Structure-activity/property Relationship App
OPFR: organophosphorus flame retardants
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PBPK: physiologically based pharmacokinetic
PFAS: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
PIANO: paraffin, isoparaffin, aromatic, naphthene, and olefin compounds
POD: point-of-departure
PRT: Predictive Risk Team (U.S. Air Force, U.S. Department of War)
PSCI: PETA Science Consortium International, e.V.
QKAR: quantitative knowledge–activity relationship
QSAR: quantitative structure-activity relationship
QSPR: quantitative structure–property relationship
RXR: retinoid-X receptors
SACATM: Scientific Advisory Committee on Alternative Toxicological Methods
SARA: Skin Allergy Risk Assessment model (Unilever)
SARA-ICE: Skin Allergy Risk Assessment-Integrated Chemical Environment model
SEAZIT: Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Division of Translational Toxicology)
SEAZIT-DIVER: SEAZIT Data Integration and Visualization Enabling Resource (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Division of Translational Toxicology)
SeqAPASS: Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
SOM: Standardized Organoid Modeling (Center; National Institutes of Health)
STopTox: Systemic and Topical chemical Toxicity
TEER: transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance (assay)
TG: test guideline
ToxCast: Toxicity Forecaster (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
ToxPi: Toxicological Prioritization Index
tPOD: transcriptomic point-of-departure
TraCe MPS: Translational Centers for Microphysiological Systems (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences)
U.S.: United States
USAF: U.S Air Force (U.S. Department of War)
USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS: U.S. Geological Survey (U.S. Department of the Interior)
VA ORD: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development
VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor
VQN: Validation and Qualification Network (National Institutes of Health Complement-ARIE program)
Web-ICE: Web-based Interspecies Correlation Estimation (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)