Acronyms & Abbreviations
| Acronym/ |
Definition |
|---|---|
| 2,4-D | 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid |
| 3Rs | Principles of replacement, reduction, or refinement of animal use for scientific research or product safety testing |
| A | Adenine |
| AA | Aristolochic acid |
| AAN | Aristolochic acid nephropathy |
| ABF | Artificial butter flavoring(s) |
| ACCK | Accidentally Killed |
| ACGIH | American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists |
| ACD | Allergic contact dermatitis |
| ADH | Alcohol dehydrogenase |
| ADME | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion |
| ADMET CoE | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicology Center of Excellence (U.S. Department of Defense) |
| AIDS | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| ALT | Alanine transaminase |
| ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
| AOP | Adverse outcome pathway |
| AP1 | Activator protein 1 |
| AR | Androgen receptor |
| ASCCT | American Society for Cellular and Computational Toxicology |
| AST | American Society of Transplantation |
| ATLL | Adult T-cell leukemia/ |
| ATSDR | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |
| AZT | Azidothymidine |
| BEI | Biological exposure index |
| BEN | Balkan endemic nephropathy |
| BOP | Bureau of Prisons |
| BRCA | Breast cancer susceptibility proteins |
| BSC | Board of Scientific Counselors |
| b.w. | Body weight |
| C | Cytosine |
| cART | Combined antiretroviral therapy |
| CAS | Chemical Abstracts Service |
| CAS No. | Chemical Abstracts Service Registry number |
| CASRN | Chemical Abstracts Service Registry number |
| CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| C. elegans | Caenorhabditis elegans, a type of roundworm |
| CFR | Code of Federal Regulations |
| CEBS | Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences) |
| CG W/BD | Cage With Bedding |
| CG WO/BD | Cage Without Bedding |
| CHO | Chinese hamster ovary |
| CI | Confidence interval |
| C.I. | Colour Index™ |
| CIN | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
| CLARITY-BPA | Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on Bisphenol A Toxicity |
| CoCrMo | Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum |
| COX | Cyclooxygenase |
| CPSC | Consumer Product Safety Commission |
| CVB | Center for Veterinary Biologics (U.S. Department of Agriculture) |
| CYP | Cytochrome P450 |
| dA-AAI | 7-(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)-aristolactam I |
| dA-AAII | 7-(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)-aristolactam II |
| DACC | Dosing Accident |
| DDD | 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane |
| DDE | 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene |
| DDT | Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane |
| dec | Decomposes |
| dG | Deoxyguanosine |
| dG-AAI | 7-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-aristolactam I |
| dG-AAII | 7-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-aristolactam II |
| DHHS | Department of Health and Human Services |
| DHP | Dihydropyrrolizine |
| DHS | Department of Homeland Security |
| DMDTC | Dimethyldithiocarbamate |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| DNase | Deoxyribonuclease |
| DNT | Dinotrotoluene |
| DOE | U.S. Department of Energy |
| DoD | U.S. Department of Defense |
| DOI |
|
| DOT | U.S. Department of Transportation |
| DREAM | Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods |
| DTT | Division of Translational Toxicology (Formally Division of the National Toxicology Program) at National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |
| DVA | U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs |
| EBNA | Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen |
| EBV | Epstein-Barr virus |
| ed. |
|
| EDQM | European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare |
| EDSP | Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) |
| EFV | Efavirenz |
| EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
| EURL ECVAM | European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing |
| F344 | Fischer 344 (rats) |
| FANC | Fanconi anemia complementation group proteins |
| FDA | U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
| FACA | Federal Advisory Committee Act |
| FR | Federal Register |
| FTC | Emtricitabine (also known as 2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine) |
| G | Guanine |
| Gav-Dea | Gavage Death |
| GST | Glutathione S-transferase |
| GST-P+ | Glutathione S-transferase placental form positive |
| GSTT1 | Glutathione S-transferase theta 1 hour(s) |
| HAART | Highly active antiretroviral therapy |
| HAM/TSP | HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis |
| HBeAg | Hepatitis B e antigen |
| HBsAg | Hepatitis B surface antigen |
| HBV | Hepatitis B virus |
| HBZ | HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor |
| HCA | Heterocyclic amine |
| HCT/Ps | Human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products |
| HCV | Hepatitis C virus |
| HHE | Health Hazard Evaluation (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) |
| HHV | Human herpesvirus |
| HHS | Health and Human Services |
| HIF-1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha |
| HIST | Murine histamine sensitization test |
| HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus |
| HIVMA | HIV Medicine Association |
| Housalon | Housed Alone |
| HpCDD | Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin |
| HPLC | High performance liquid chromatography |
| HPV | Human papillomavirus |
| HRSA | Health Resources and Services Administration |
| HSDB | Hazardous Substance Data Bank (National Library of Medicine) |
| HTLV-1 | Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 |
| HTS | High-throughput screening |
| HUD | Housing and Urban Development |
| HxCDD | Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin |
| IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| IATA | Integrated approach to testing and assessment |
| ICCVAM | Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods |
| ICH | International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use |
| IDLH | Immediately dangerous to life and health |
| IDSA | Infectious Diseases Society of America |
| IgG | Immunoglobulin G |
| IL | Interleukin |
| ILS | Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. |
| Intr-sac | Interim Sacrifice |
| IRIS | Integrated Risk Information System |
| ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
| IVIVE | In vitro to in vivo extrapolation |
| JaCVAM | Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods |
| JAK/STAT | Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription |
| JM | Johns Manville |
| Kdis | Dissolution rate |
| KoCVAM | Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods |
| Kow | Octanol-water partition coefficient |
| KSHV | Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus |
| LD50 | In traditional acute systemic toxicity tests, the dose that produces lethality in 50% of the animals tested |
| LET | Linear energy transfer |
| LLNA | Murine local lymph node assay |
| LMP | Latent membrane protein |
| LT | Large T antigen |
| MAP | Mitogen-activated protein |
| MCA 38 | Murine colon adenocarcinoma cell line |
| MCL | Maximum contaminant level |
| MCPyV | Merkel cell polyomavirus |
| MCV | Merkel cell polyomavirus |
| min | Minute(s) |
| MISS | Missing |
| MMVF | Man-made (or machine-made) vitreous fibers |
| MOA | Mode of action |
| mol wt | Molecular weight |
| mRR | Meta–relative risk |
| MSAC | Moribund Sacrifice |
| N BOTTLE | New Bottle |
| N FEEDER | New Feeder |
| N/A | Not applicable |
| NAC/AEGL | National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances |
| NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form |
| NAICS | North American Industrial Classification System |
| NATD | Natural Death |
| NCEH/ATSDR | National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |
| NCI | National Cancer Institute |
| NCSU | North Carolina State University |
| NC3Rs | National Centre for the 3Rs (United Kingdom) |
| NCTR | National Center for Toxicological Research |
| ND | Not detected |
| NextGen | Advancing the Next Generation of Risk Assessment |
| NF | Nuclear factor |
| NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
| NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| NHL | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
| NICEATM | NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods |
| NIEHS | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| NIOSH | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
| NK | Natural killer |
| NLM | National Library of Medicine (National Institutes of Health) |
| NNK | 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone |
| NNN | N-nitrosonornicotine |
| No. | Number |
| NOHS | National Occupational Hazard Survey |
| NOT APPL | Not Applicable |
| NOT SPEC | Not specified |
| NR | Not reported |
| NRC | Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
| Nrf2 | Nuclear respiratory factor 2 |
| NTP | National Toxicology Program |
| O BOTTLE | Old Bottle |
| O FEEDER | Old Feeder |
| OCDD | Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin |
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| OHAT | Office of Health Assessment and Translation |
| OPTN | Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network |
| OR | Odds ratio |
| OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
| P&G | Procter & Gamble |
| PACs | Polycyclic aromatic compounds |
| PAH | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon |
| PBDEs | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers |
| PCDD | Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin |
| PCDF | Polychlorinated dibenzofuran |
| PCP | Pentachlorophenol |
| PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
| PEL | Permissible exposure limit |
| PFOA | Perfluorooctanoic acid |
| PFOS | Perfluorooctane sulfonate |
| PHS | Public Health Service |
| Phy-Ab | Physically Abnormal |
| PISC | PETA International Science Consortium, Ltd. |
| PI3 | Phosphoinositide 3 |
| pKb | Dissociation constant |
| PVC | Polyvinyl chloride |
| QSAR | Quantitative structure-activity relationship |
| r | Correlation coefficient |
| r2 | Coefficient of determination |
| R-DHP | R-dihydropyrrolizine |
| REL | Recommended exposure limit |
| RfC | Inhalation reference concentration |
| RfD | Oral reference dose |
| REACH | Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (European Union legislation) |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid |
| RoC | Report on Carcinogens |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| RQ | Reportable quantity |
| RR |
|
| s | Second |
| S&S | Schleicher & Schuell |
| SACATM | Scientific Advisory Committee on Alternative Toxicological Methods |
| S-DHP | S-dihydropyrrolizine |
| SDS | Safety Data Sheet |
| SEAZIT | Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (National Toxicology Program) |
| SIR | Standardized incidence ratio |
| SMR | Standardized mortality ratio |
| Spec-Ctl | Special Control |
| Spec_std | Special Study |
| spp. | Species (plural) |
| SoT | Society of Toxicology |
| Srv/Sent | Survey/Sentinel |
| SSAC W/O NEC | Scheduled Sacrifice without Necropsy |
| ssRNA | Single-stranded RNA |
| sT | Small T antigen |
| STAIN BD | Stained Bedding |
| STE | Short time exposure |
| STEL | Short-term exposure limit |
| suppl. | Supplement |
| T |
|
| TCBQ | Tetrachlorobenzoquinone |
| TCDD | Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin |
| TCE | Trichloroethylene |
| TCHQ | Tetrachlorohydroquinone |
| TCLP | Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure |
| TDF | Tenofovir |
| Term-Sac | Terminal Sacrifice |
| TLAC | Transfer to Lactation |
| TLV | Threshold-limit value |
| TNT | Trinitrotoluene |
| Tox21 | Toxicology in the 21st Century; collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health |
| ToxCast | Toxicity Forecaster (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) |
| TOXNET | Toxicology Data Network (National Library of Medicine) |
| TPQ | Threshold planning quantity |
| TRI | Toxics Release Inventory |
| TSAC | Terminal Sacrifice |
| TSCA | Toxic Substances Control Act |
| TSNA | Tobacco-specific nitrosamine(s) |
| TTNP | Transfer to Next Phase |
| TURA | Toxics Use Reduction Act |
| TWA | Time-weighted average |
| U.S. | United States |
| USAI | United States of America Standards Institute |
| U.S.C. | United States Code |
| USDA | U.S. Department of Agriculture |
| USGS | U.S. Geological Survey (U.S. Department of the Interior) |
| UV | Ultraviolet |
| UVR | Ultraviolet radiation |
| VCA | Viral capsid antigen |
| VOC | Volatile organic chemical |
| vol. | Volume |
| v/v | Volume-volume ratio |
| WC | Tungsten carbide |
| WET BED | Wet Bedding |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| Wrng-Sex | Wrong Sex |
| wt. | Weight |
| XCEL | Ex Vivo Countermeasure Evolution and Licensure Program (U.S. Department of Defense) |
| Yr | Year |