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Alternative methods: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term new approach methodologies is also used and is becoming more prevalent.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Biomarker: an objective measure that captures what is happening in a cell or an organism at a given moment.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Skin irritation: minor injury or inflammation to the skin; irritation differs from an allergic reaction in that there is no coordinated response from the immune system.
3Rs: the principles of replacement, reduction, or refinement of animal use for scientific research or product safety testing.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Validation: a process bybioact which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Epithelial cells: any of the cells forming the cellular sheets that cover surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
Adverse outcome pathway: a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
Organophosphorus compounds: organic compounds that contains phosphorus; many are used as pesticides and flame retardants.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA): an approach that considers all available relevant information about a substance in a weight-of-evidence assessment to inform a regulatory decision regarding hazard or risk, or to indicate that specific additional tests are needed.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Toxicokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity (see also pharmacokinetics).
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Formulation: a mixture of chemicals prepared according to a specific procedure to ensure a desired effect when used, improve handling properties, or achieve other desired product goals.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship: classification models that predict the activities of chemicals with unknown properties by relating them to properties of known chemicals.
Genotoxic: capable of damaging DNA.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Skin irritation: minor injury or inflammation to the skin; irritation differs from an allergic reaction in that there is no coordinated response from the immune system.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Point-of-departure: the lowest dose or concentration at which a treatment-related response is observed.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Equivalent administered dose: the output of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation; the predicted in vivo dose that would result in a plasma concentration of a chemical equal to the concentration of that chemical that induces an effect in an in vitro assay.
Cardiotoxicity: toxicity to the heart.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In chemico: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using only chemical components rather than cells.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Equivalent administered dose: the output of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation; the predicted in vivo dose that would result in a plasma concentration of a chemical equal to the concentration of that chemical that induces an effect in an in vitro assay.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Hepatotoxicity: toxicity to the liver.
Apoptosis: cell death that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
Sensitivity: in the context of test method validation, the proportion of all positive substances that are correctly classified as positive by the test method under evaluation.
Specificity: in the context of test method validation, the proportion of all negative substances that are correctly classified as negative by the test method under evaluation.
Estrogen: a class of hormones, produced largely by the ovaries, that serve as the primary female hormones.
Androgen: a class of hormones, produced largely by the testes, that serve as the primary male hormones.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
In chemico: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using only chemical components rather than cells.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Defined approach: a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
Formulation: a mixture of chemicals prepared according to a specific procedure to ensure a desired effect when used, improve handling properties, or achieve other desired product goals.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Acute systemic toxicity: the immediate or near-immediate effect of a toxic substance after it is absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Different acute systemic toxicities are distinguished by the route of exposure: by ingestion (oral), through the skin (dermal), or by inhalation.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Equivalent administered dose: the output of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation; the predicted in vivo dose that would result in a plasma concentration of a chemical equal to the concentration of that chemical that induces an effect in an in vitro assay.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Point-of-departure: the lowest dose or concentration at which a treatment-related response is observed.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Defined approach: a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Ontologies: standardized nomenclature systems.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Phenomics: the systematic study or evaluation of the traits that make up a phenotype, often in a high-throughput manner.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
Proteomics: comprehensive evaluation of the function and structure of proteins undertaken to understand the effects of a chemical on a tissue or organism.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Biomarker: an objective measure that captures what is happening in a cell or an organism at a given moment.
Point-of-departure (POD): the lowest dose or concentration at which a treatment-related response is observed.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Accuracy: in the context of a test method validation study, the closeness of agreement between a test method result and an accepted reference value, or the test method's proportion of correct outcomes.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Genotoxic: capable of damaging DNA.
Reference chemical: a chemical that causes a specific well-characterized biological effect, and therefore, can be used to assess the performance of a test method designed to measure that effect. Reference chemicals should represent the classes of chemicals for which a test method is proposed to be used and cover the range of expected responses.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE): an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Pharmacokinetic (PK) model: a mathematical model created to describe the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a chemical through the body. One-compartment models treat all organs as a single unit, whereas physiologically based (PBPK) models are usually multicompartment models with separate compartments corresponding to individual or combined organs that are interconnected by blood flows.
Toxicokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity.
Subchronic: animal experiment designed to study effects produced by the test substance when administered either in repeated doses or continually in food, drinking water, or air over a period of up to about 90 days.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Reference data: data from an accepted test method that can be used to assess the performance of a new test method designed to measure an analogous effect.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship: classification models that predict the activities of chemicals with unknown properties by relating them to properties of known chemicals.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Hazard classification: assignment of a substance to a category according to results of toxicity testing, often for labeling purposes.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Endocrine disruptor: a natural or man-made substance that may interfere with the endocrine system and produce adverse health effects.
Androgen receptor: a protein molecule to which an androgen or androgen-like substance can attach. This interaction produces a chemical signal or triggers a cellular response.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Adverse outcome pathway (AOP): a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
Cardiotoxicity: toxicity to the heart.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Hazard classification: assignment of a substance to a category according to results of toxicity testing, often for labeling purposes.
Toxicant: a toxic or poisonous substance.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Toxicokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity (see also pharmacokinetics).
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Defined approach (DA): a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA): an approach that considers all available relevant information about a substance in a weight-of-evidence assessment to inform a regulatory decision regarding hazard or risk, or to indicate that specific additional tests are needed.
Androgen receptor: a protein molecule to which an androgen or androgen-like substance can attach. This interaction produces a chemical signal or triggers a cellular response.
Endocrine disruptor: a natural or man-made substance that may interfere with the endocrine system and produce adverse health effects.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Reliability: the extent to which a test method provides reproducible results over time and in different laboratories.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA): an approach that considers all available relevant information about a substance in a weight-of-evidence assessment to inform a regulatory decision regarding hazard or risk, or to indicate that specific additional tests are needed.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Defined approach: a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
In chemico: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using only chemical components rather than cells.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Ex vivo: refers to an assay using tissue that has been removed from a multicellular organism and conducted while the tissue is still viable.
Skin irritation: minor injury or inflammation to the skin; irritation differs from an allergic reaction in that there is no coordinated response from the immune system.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Adverse outcome pathway: a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Estrogen receptor: a protein molecule to which an estrogen or estrogen-like substance can attach. This interaction produces a chemical signal or triggers a cellular response.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
Hydrophobic: tending not to mix with water.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Hazard classification: assignment of a substance to a category according to results of toxicity testing, often for labeling purposes.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Formulation: a mixture of chemicals prepared according to a specific procedure to ensure a desired effect when used, improve handling properties, or achieve other desired product goals.
Defined approach: a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Validation: a process bybioact which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Reliability: the extent to which a test method provides reproducible results over time and in different laboratories.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Alternative methods: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term new approach methodologies is also used and is becoming more prevalent.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Environmental fate: characterization of how a chemical will behave if released into the environment; it is affected by properties such as biodegradability and soil adsorption.
Ecotoxicity testing: refers both to the assessment of chemical effects on invertebrates, fish, birds, plants, and other wild organisms and testing of soil, sediment, or effluents for the presence of toxic compounds.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Estrogen: a class of hormones, produced largely by the ovaries, that serve as the primary female hormones.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Hepatic: referring to the liver.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Xenobiotic: a chemical found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism.
Bioprinting: a process that combines 3D printing with biomaterials to replicate parts that imitate natural tissues, bones, and blood vessels in the body.
Phenotype: observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genetic makeup with the environment.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Algorithm: a set of steps that are followed to complete a computational process.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship: classification models that predict the activities of chemicals with unknown properties by relating them to properties of known chemicals.
Algorithm: a set of steps that are followed to complete a computational process.
Refinement alternative: a test method that modifies procedures to enhance animal well-being and that lessens or avoids pain and distress in animals.
Microphysiological systems: in vitro models of organs composed of cells and structural materials that are designed to reproduce the function of living organs; also referred to as organs-on-a-chip or tissue chips.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship: classification models that predict the activities of chemicals with unknown properties by relating them to properties of known chemicals.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship: classification models that predict the activities of chemicals with unknown properties by relating them to properties of known chemicals.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Reliability: the extent to which a test method provides reproducible results over time and in different laboratories.
Adverse outcome pathway (AOP): a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Ontologies: standardized nomenclature systems.
Biomarker: an objective measure that captures what is happening in a cell or an organism at a given moment.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Point-of-departure (POD): the lowest dose or concentration at which a treatment-related response is observed.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Ecotoxicity testing: refers both to the assessment of chemical effects on invertebrates, fish, birds, plants, and other wild organisms and testing of soil, sediment, or effluents for the presence of toxic compounds.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a class of manufactured chemicals that are widely used to make various types of common products. While their potential health impacts are mostly uncharacterized, they are of concern because they resist degradation, accumulate in an organism’s body over its lifetime, and are widespread in the environment.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Microphysiological systems (MPS): in vitro models of organs composed of cells and structural materials that are designed to reproduce the function of living organs; also referred to as organs-on-a-chip or tissue chips.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Stem cells: undifferentiated cells of a multicellular organism that can indefinitely produce more cells of the same type and can also be induced to differentiate into other types of cells.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
LD50: in traditional animal tests for acute systemic oral or dermal toxicity, the dose estimated to cause death in 50 percent of the animals tested; a value used to categorize toxic substances and determine the hazard phrases used on product labels.
Hazard classification: assignment of a substance to a category according to results of toxicity testing, often for labeling purposes.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Allergic contact dermatitis: an allergic reaction that results from repeated direct skin contact with a skin sensitizer. Clinical signs of allergic contact dermatitis include redness, swelling, blistering, and itching.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA): an approach that considers all available relevant information about a substance in a weight-of-evidence assessment to inform a regulatory decision regarding hazard or risk, or to indicate that specific additional tests are needed.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Cardiotoxicity: toxicity to the heart.
G protein-coupled receptor: receptors located in the cell membrane involved in cell signaling. G protein-coupled receptors are important drug targets and involved in many diseases.
Hepatotoxicity: toxicity to the liver.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Validation: a process bybioact which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Alternative methods: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term new approach methodologies is also used and is becoming more prevalent.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Microphysiological systems: in vitro models of organs composed of cells and structural materials that are designed to reproduce the function of living organs; also referred to as organs-on-a-chip or tissue chips.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Replacement alternative: a test method that replaces animals with a non-animal system or one animal species with a phylogenetically lower one.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Microphysiological systems (MPS): in vitro models of organs composed of cells and structural materials that are designed to reproduce the function of living organs; also referred to as organs-on-a-chip or tissue chips.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
In chemico: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using only chemical components rather than cells.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Accuracy: in the context of a test method validation study, the closeness of agreement between a test method result and an accepted reference value, or the test method's proportion of correct outcomes.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Microphysiological systems (MPS): in vitro models of organs composed of cells and structural materials that are designed to reproduce the function of living organs; also referred to as organs-on-a-chip or tissue chips.
Algorithm: a set of steps that are followed to complete a computational process.
Alternative methods: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term new approach methodologies is also used and is becoming more prevalent.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Nanomaterial: a substance made up of particles that measure no more than 100 nanometers in at least one dimension.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In chemico: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using only chemical components rather than cells.
Dosimetry: measurement or calculation of a dose of substance delivered to a target tissue.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
Adverse outcome pathway: a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Biomarker: an objective measure that captures what is happening in a cell or an organism at a given moment.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Defined approach: a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
Cytokine: a signaling protein that modulates immune cell development and function.
Adverse outcome pathway: a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Reference data: data from an accepted test method that can be used to assess the performance of a new test method designed to measure an analogous effect.
Hazard classification: assignment of a substance to a category according to results of toxicity testing, often for labeling purposes.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
Biomarker: an objective measure that captures what is happening in a cell or an organism at a given moment.
Estrogen: a class of hormones, produced largely by the ovaries, that serve as the primary female hormones.
Endocrine disruptor: a natural or man-made substance that may interfere with the endocrine system and produce adverse health effects.
Accuracy: in the context of a test method validation study, the closeness of agreement between a test method result and an accepted reference value, or the test method's proportion of correct outcomes.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Reference chemical: a chemical that causes a specific well-characterized biological effect, and therefore, can be used to assess the performance of a test method designed to measure that effect. Reference chemicals should represent the classes of chemicals for which a test method is proposed to be used and cover the range of expected responses.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Read-across: a computational technique that uses toxicity data from one or more known (source) chemicals to predict toxicity for another (target) chemical, usually but not always on the basis of structural similarity.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Hazard classification: assignment of a substance to a category according to results of toxicity testing, often for labeling purposes.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Defined approach (DA): a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Ex vivo: refers to an assay using tissue that has been removed from a multicellular organism and conducted while the tissue is still viable.
Reference chemical: a chemical that causes a specific well-characterized biological effect, and therefore, can be used to assess the performance of a test method designed to measure that effect. Reference chemicals should represent the classes of chemicals for which a test method is proposed to be used and cover the range of expected responses.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
Phenotype: observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genetic makeup with the environment.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Reference data: data from an accepted test method that can be used to assess the performance of a new test method designed to measure an analogous effect.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Reliability: the extent to which a test method provides reproducible results over time and in different laboratories.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a class of manufactured chemicals that are widely used to make various types of common products. While their potential health impacts are mostly uncharacterized, they are of concern because they resist degradation, accumulate in an organism’s body over its lifetime, and are widespread in the environment.
Alternative methods: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term new approach methodologies is also used and is becoming more prevalent.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
3Rs: the principles of replacement, reduction, or refinement of animal use for scientific research or product safety testing.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Pharmacokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity (see also toxicokinetics).
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Microphysiological systems: in vitro models of organs composed of cells and structural materials that are designed to reproduce the function of living organs; also referred to as organs-on-a-chip or tissue chips.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Alternative methods: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term new approach methodologies is also used and is becoming more prevalent.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Alternative methods: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term new approach methodologies is also used and is becoming more prevalent.
Ecotoxicity testing: refers both to the assessment of chemical effects on invertebrates, fish, birds, plants, and other wild organisms and testing of soil, sediment, or effluents for the presence of toxic compounds.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE): an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a class of manufactured chemicals that are widely used to make various types of common products. While their potential health impacts are mostly uncharacterized, they are of concern because they resist degradation, accumulate in an organism’s body over its lifetime, and are widespread in the environment.
Read-across: a computational technique that uses toxicity data from one or more known (source) chemicals to predict toxicity for another (target) chemical, usually but not always on the basis of structural similarity.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Apoptosis: cell death that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Point-of-departure: the lowest dose or concentration at which a treatment-related response is observed.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Pharmacokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity (see also toxicokinetics).
Microphysiological systems: in vitro models of organs composed of cells and structural materials that are designed to reproduce the function of living organs; also referred to as organs-on-a-chip or tissue chips.
Reliability: the extent to which a test method provides reproducible results over time and in different laboratories.
Biomarker: an objective measure that captures what is happening in a cell or an organism at a given moment.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Cytokine: a signaling protein that modulates immune cell development and function.
Chemokines: signaling proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that stimulate the movement of other cells.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Epithelial cells: any of the cells forming the cellular sheets that cover surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
Genotoxic: capable of damaging DNA.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
Ontologies: standardized nomenclature systems.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Pharmacokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity (see also toxicokinetics).
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Environmental fate: characterization of how a chemical will behave if released into the environment; it is affected by properties such as biodegradability and soil adsorption.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models: classification models that predict the activities of chemicals with unknown properties by relating them to properties of known chemicals.
Read-across: a computational technique that uses toxicity data from one or more known (source) chemicals to predict toxicity for another (target) chemical, usually but not always on the basis of structural similarity.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Toxicokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity (see also pharmacokinetics).
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Algorithm: a set of steps that are followed to complete a computational process.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Machine learning: the study and construction of computer algorithms that, once trained on a set of data, can make predictions or decisions about a different set of data.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Nanomaterial: a substance made up of particles that measure no more than 100 nanometers in at least one dimension.
Ecotoxicity testing: refers both to the assessment of chemical effects on invertebrates, fish, birds, plants, and other wild organisms and testing of soil, sediment, or effluents for the presence of toxic compounds.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE): an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Acute systemic toxicity: the immediate or near-immediate effect of a toxic substance after it is absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Different acute systemic toxicities are distinguished by the route of exposure: by ingestion (oral), through the skin (dermal), or by inhalation.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Reference data: data from an accepted test method that can be used to assess the performance of a new test method designed to measure an analogous effect.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Defined approach: a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
Formulation: a mixture of chemicals prepared according to a specific procedure to ensure a desired effect when used, improve handling properties, or achieve other desired product goals.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Microphysiological systems (MPS): in vitro models of organs composed of cells and structural materials that are designed to reproduce the function of living organs; also referred to as organs-on-a-chip or tissue chips.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Environmental fate: characterization of how a chemical will behave if released into the environment; it is affected by properties such as biodegradability and soil adsorption.
Toxicokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Equivalent administered dose: the output of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation; the predicted in vivo dose that would result in a plasma concentration of a chemical equal to the concentration of that chemical that induces an effect in an in vitro assay.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a class of manufactured chemicals that are widely used to make various types of common products. While their potential health impacts are mostly uncharacterized, they are of concern because they resist degradation, accumulate in an organism’s body over its lifetime, and are widespread in the environment.
Xenobiotic: a chemical found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Leukocyte: any of the colorless blood cells of the immune system.
Cytokine: a signaling protein that modulates immune cell development and function.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Machine learning: the study and construction of computer algorithms that, once trained on a set of data, can make predictions or decisions about a different set of data.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Validation: a process bybioact which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Environmental fate: characterization of how a chemical will behave if released into the environment; it is affected by properties such as biodegradability and soil adsorption.
Accuracy: in the context of a test method validation study, the closeness of agreement between a test method result and an accepted reference value, or the test method's proportion of correct outcomes.
Applicability domain: a range of chemicals and properties for which a test method has been proven useful.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a class of manufactured chemicals that are widely used to make various types of common products. While their potential health impacts are mostly uncharacterized, they are of concern because they resist degradation, accumulate in an organism’s body over its lifetime, and are widespread in the environment.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship: classification models that predict the activities of chemicals with unknown properties by relating them to properties of known chemicals.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
Cardiotoxicity: toxicity to the heart.
Read-across: a computational technique that uses toxicity data from one or more known (source) chemicals to predict toxicity for another (target) chemical, usually but not always on the basis of structural similarity.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
Alternative methods: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term new approach methodologies is also used and is becoming more prevalent.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Reference chemical: a chemical that causes a specific well-characterized biological effect, and therefore, can be used to assess the performance of a test method designed to measure that effect. Reference chemicals should represent the classes of chemicals for which a test method is proposed to be used and cover the range of expected responses.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Keratinocyte: the major cell type of the skin.
Adverse outcome pathway (AOP): a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE): an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Read-across: a computational technique that uses toxicity data from one or more known (source) chemicals to predict toxicity for another (target) chemical, usually but not always on the basis of structural similarity.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
3Rs: the principles of replacement, reduction, or refinement of animal use for scientific research or product safety testing.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Neurotoxicity: toxicity to the brain or other parts of the nervous system.
Toxicokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity (see also pharmacokinetics).
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
Reference chemical: a chemical that causes a specific well-characterized biological effect, and therefore, can be used to assess the performance of a test method designed to measure that effect. Reference chemicals should represent the classes of chemicals for which a test method is proposed to be used and cover the range of expected responses.
Androgen receptor: a protein molecule to which an androgen or androgen-like substance can attach. This interaction produces a chemical signal or triggers a cellular response.
Estrogen receptor: a protein molecule to which an estrogen or estrogen-like substance can attach. This interaction produces a chemical signal or triggers a cellular response.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Adverse outcome pathway: a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Reference data: data from an accepted test method that can be used to assess the performance of a new test method designed to measure an analogous effect.
Validation: a process bybioact which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Subchronic: animal experiment designed to study effects produced by the test substance when administered either in repeated doses or continually in food, drinking water, or air over a period of up to about 90 days.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Reference chemical: a chemical that causes a specific well-characterized biological effect, and therefore, can be used to assess the performance of a test method designed to measure that effect. Reference chemicals should represent the classes of chemicals for which a test method is proposed to be used and cover the range of expected responses.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Cytokine: a signaling protein that modulates immune cell development and function.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Read-across: a computational technique that uses toxicity data from one or more known (source) chemicals to predict toxicity for another (target) chemical, usually but not always on the basis of structural similarity.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Ontologies: standardized nomenclature systems.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Validation: a process bybioact which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship: classification models that predict the activities of chemicals with unknown properties by relating them to properties of known chemicals.
Dosimetry: measurement or calculation of a dose of substance delivered to a target tissue.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Hazard classification: assignment of a substance to a category according to results of toxicity testing, often for labeling purposes.
Applicability domain: a range of chemicals and properties for which a test method has been proven useful.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Defined approach: a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Induced pluripotent stem cells: stem cells derived from mature non-sex cells that have the potential to differentiate into various types of cells.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Equivalent administered dose: the output of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation; the predicted in vivo dose that would result in a plasma concentration of a chemical equal to the concentration of that chemical that induces an effect in an in vitro assay.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Pharmacokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity (see also toxicokinetics).
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
In vitro: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Adverse outcome pathway (AOP): a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Alternative methods: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term new approach methodologies is also used and is becoming more prevalent.
Physicochemical properties: referring to the physical or chemical properties of a substance.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Toxicokinetics: an evaluation of the rate at which a chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted once it enters the body, as a means to determine the relationship between exposure and toxicity (see also pharmacokinetics).
Read-across: a computational technique that uses toxicity data from one or more known (source) chemicals to predict toxicity for another (target) chemical, usually but not always on the basis of structural similarity.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Androgen receptor: a protein molecule to which an androgen or androgen-like substance can attach. This interaction produces a chemical signal or triggers a cellular response.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
LC50: in traditional animal tests for acute inhalation or aquatic toxicity, the concentration estimated to cause death in 50 percent of the animals tested; a value used to categorize toxic substances and determine the hazard phrases used on product labels.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Ecotoxicity testing: refers both to the assessment of chemical effects on invertebrates, fish, birds, plants, and other wild organisms and testing of soil, sediment, or effluents for the presence of toxic compounds.
Reproductive toxicity: chemical effects on the reproductive system that interfere with an organism’s sexual function or fertility.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Cytokine: a signaling protein that modulates immune cell development and function.
Replacement alternative: a test method that replaces animals with a non-animal system or one animal species with a phylogenetically lower one.
Refinement alternative: a test method that modifies procedures to enhance animal well-being and that lessens or avoids pain and distress in animals.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Dosimetry: measurement or calculation of a dose of substance delivered to a target tissue.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Ecotoxicity testing: refers both to the assessment of chemical effects on invertebrates, fish, birds, plants, and other wild organisms and testing of soil, sediment, or effluents for the presence of toxic compounds.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Acute systemic toxicity: the immediate or near-immediate effect of a toxic substance after it is absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Different acute systemic toxicities are distinguished by the route of exposure: by ingestion (oral), through the skin (dermal), or by inhalation.
Cytokine: a signaling protein that modulates the activity and development of immune cells.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Stem cells: undifferentiated cells of a multicellular organism that can indefinitely produce more cells of the same type and can also be induced to differentiate into other types of cells (see also induced pluripotent stem cells).
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Point-of-departure: the lowest dose or concentration at which a treatment-related response is observed.
Defined approach: a testing strategy that consists of input data generated from identified methods and a data interpretation procedure, such as a machine-learning model, flowchart, or decision tree, through which the data are evaluated.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Hazard classification: assignment of a substance to a category according to results of toxicity testing, often for labeling purposes.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a class of manufactured chemicals that are widely used to make various types of common products. While their potential health impacts are mostly uncharacterized, they are of concern because they resist degradation, accumulate in an organism’s body over its lifetime, and are widespread in the environment.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Apoptosis: cell death that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
Bioactivity: the manner in which a chemical affects or interacts with living tissue.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Applicability domain: a range of chemicals and properties for which a test method has been proven useful.
Integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA): an approach that considers all available relevant information about a substance in a weight-of-evidence assessment to inform a regulatory decision regarding hazard or risk, or to indicate that specific additional tests are needed.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
Phenotype: observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genetic makeup with the environment.
Reproductive toxicity: chemical effects on the reproductive system that interfere with an organism’s sexual function or fertility.
Developmental toxicity: effects observed in offspring that occur as a result of chemical exposures of the pregnant mother.
Tox21: collaborative effort among four U.S. federal government agencies to develop more efficient approaches to predict how chemicals may affect human health.
Induced pluripotent stem cells: stem cells derived from mature non-sex cells that have the potential to differentiate into various types of cells.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Skin irritation: minor injury or inflammation to the skin; irritation differs from an allergic reaction in that there is no coordinated response from the immune system.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship: classification models that predict the activities of chemicals with unknown properties by relating them to properties of known chemicals.
Accuracy: in the context of a test method validation study, the closeness of agreement between a test method result and an accepted reference value, or the test method's proportion of correct outcomes.
Validation: a process which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
High-content screening: an approach that uses fluorescent tagging and automated imaging to assess changes in the structure and composition of individual cells in a high-throughput manner.
Microtiter plate: a flat plate with multiple wells used as small test tubes.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Microphysiological systems: in vitro models of organs composed of cells and structural materials that are designed to reproduce the function of living organs; also referred to as organs-on-a-chip or tissue chips..
Adverse outcome pathway (AOP): a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Biomarker: an objective measure that captures what is happening in a cell or an organism at a given moment.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
High-throughput screening: a testing approach that uses robotics, liquid-handling devices, detectors, and associated software to quickly conduct a large number of chemical or biochemical tests.
Algorithm: a set of steps that are followed to complete a computational process.
Algorithm: a set of steps that are followed to complete a computational process.
Antagonist: a substance that decreases activity of the target receptor.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Synbiotics: mixtures of probiotics (helpful gut bacteria) and prebiotics (non-digestible fibers that help these bacteria grow) that work together synergistically in the digestive tract.
Sensitivity: in the context of test method validation, the proportion of all positive substances that are correctly classified as positive by the test method under evaluation.
Dosimetry: measurement or calculation of a dose of substance delivered to a target tissue.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Metabolism: the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in a living organism, such as assimilation and incorporation or detoxification and excretion.
Cytokine: a signaling protein that modulates immune cell development and function.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
Allergic contact dermatitis: an allergic reaction that results from repeated direct skin contact with a skin sensitizer. Clinical signs of allergic contact dermatitis include redness, swelling, blistering, and itching.
Hazard classification: assignment of a substance to a category according to results of toxicity testing, often for labeling purposes.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Reliability: the extent to which a test method provides reproducible results over time and in different laboratories.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Estrogen: a class of hormones, produced largely by the ovaries, that serve as the primary female hormones.
Agonist: a substance that increases activity of the target receptor.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Subchronic: animal experiment designed to study effects produced by the test substance when administered either in repeated doses or continually in food, drinking water, or air over a period of up to about 90 days.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Point-of-departure: the lowest dose or concentration at which a treatment-related response is observed.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
Cytotoxic: the ability of a substance to kill or harm cells.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
LC50: in traditional animal tests for acute inhalation or aquatic toxicity, the concentration estimated to cause death in 50 percent of the animals tested; a value used to categorize toxic substances and determine the hazard phrases used on product labels.
Toxicant: a toxic or poisonous substance.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Adverse outcome pathway: a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
Pharmacokinetic model: a mathematical model created to describe the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a chemical through the body. One-compartment models treat all organs as a single unit, whereas physiologically based (PBPK) models are usually multicompartment models with separate compartments corresponding to individual or combined organs that are interconnected by blood flows.
Equivalent administered dose: the output of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation; the predicted in vivo dose that would result in a plasma concentration of a chemical equal to the concentration of that chemical that induces an effect in an in vitro assay.
Genotoxic: capable of damaging DNA.
Point-of-departure: the lowest dose or concentration at which a treatment-related response is observed.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In chemico: refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using only chemical components rather than cells.
Adverse outcome pathway: a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
Skin sensitization: a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when a susceptible person comes in direct skin contact with an allergen, termed a skin sensitizer.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Reference chemical: a chemical that causes a specific well-characterized biological effect, and therefore, can be used to assess the performance of a test method designed to measure that effect. Reference chemicals should represent the classes of chemicals for which a test method is proposed to be used and cover the range of expected responses.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
Reliability: the extent to which a test method provides reproducible results over time and in different laboratories.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
Harmonization: the act of making systems or laws similar among different companies, countries, etc., so the organizations using those systems or laws can operate more easily within the different venues.
Reference chemical: a chemical that causes a specific well-characterized biological effect, and therefore, can be used to assess the performance of a test method designed to measure that effect. Reference chemicals should represent the classes of chemicals for which a test method is proposed to be used and cover the range of expected responses.
In vitro: Refers to assays that are carried out in an artificial system, such as a test tube or assay plate, using small single-cell or multicellular organisms, cultured cells, or cellular components.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Adverse outcome pathway: a conceptual framework constructed from existing knowledge that relates exposure of a type of toxic substance to subsequent steps that result in illness or injury.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation: an analysis conducted to relate the test chemical concentration causing a response in an in vitro system to an external dose or exposure that results in human or animal (in vivo) illness or injury at the target tissue.
In silico: refers to analyses that are carried out on a computer or via computer simulation.
New approach methodologies: testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
Risk assessment: The process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Transcriptomics: the analysis of overall gene expression in a cell or tissue to assess cell function or response to toxicity.
Reliability: the extent to which a test method provides reproducible results over time and in different laboratories.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Risk assessment: the process of characterizing the potential risk posed by a chemical, taking into consideration the hazards posed by the chemical, the dose of the chemical needed to cause health problems, and the probability of exposure at that dose.
Relevance: the extent to which a test method accurately measures a biological effect of interest in a species of interest.
New approach methodologies (NAMs): testing methods or approaches that replace, reduce, or refine animal use; the term alternative methods has also been widely used.
In vivo: refers to assays carried out using multicellular organisms, typically rodents or other mammals.
Validation: a process by which the reliability and relevance of a test method are established for its intended application.
