Spinal Cord - Demyelination

comment:
Demyelination of the nervous system is a specific term describing the active degeneration and phagocytosis of myelin wrappings of central and peripheral nerve fibers. Figure 1




Demyelination may be primary of secondary. In primary demyelination, the axon is usually intact and may be preserved, especially if the myelin sheath is exclusively assaulted by the immune system with resulting phagocytosis (primary demyelination). In contrast, secondary demyelination is a common sequel to axonal injury and loss, such that axonopathy and demyelination often coexist as a result of axonal injury from classic axonopathic compounds such as organophosphate agents and acrylamide. In addition to demyelination resulting from multiple sclerosis in humans and the experimentally induced autoimmune encephalopathy of laboratory animals, rarely human immune-mediated demyelinating neuropathies occur during initial or maintenance treatment with immunomodulatory, immunosuppressive, or antineoplastic agents.
Krinke and Zurbriggen (1997) have described a demyelination in the thoracic spinal cord of aging mice that was attributed to a strain of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEMV) using immunohistochemical identification of the agent in their material. Prominent bilateral lesions of the spinal cord from their studies are shown in Figure 1

recommendation:
In NTP studies where demyelination cannot be differentiated from intramyelinic edema or axonopathy under light microscopy, the lesion should be diagnosed as white matter vacuolation. This should be followed by special evaluation by a neuropathologist. When present in NTP studies, this lesion should be graded and the subsite noted.references:
Krinke GJ, Zurbriggen A. 1997. Spontaneous demyelinating myelopathy in aging laboratory mice. Exp Toxicol Pathol 49:501-503. Abstract: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9495654
Stübgen JP. 2011. Drug-induced dysimmune demyelinating neuropathies. J Neurol Sci 307:1-8. Abstract: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21621795
Schaumburg HH, Spencer PS. 1979. Toxic neuropathies. Neurology 29:429-431.
Kushlaf HA. 2011. Emerging toxic neuropathies and myopathies. Neurol Clin 29:679-687. Abstract: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803218
Carozzi VA, Canta A, Oggioni N, Sala B, Chiorazzi A, Meregalli C, Bossi M, Marmiroli P, Cavaletti G. 2010. Neurophysiological and neuropathological characterization of new murine models of chemotherapy-induced chronic peripheral neuropathies. Exp Neurol 226:301-309. Abstract: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832406
Web page last updated on: May 19, 2014