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Lung - Emphysema

Image of emphysema in the lung from a male F344/N rat in a chronic study
Lung - Emphysema in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study. The alveolar septa are absent in a region of the lung, creating one large airspace.
Figure 1 of 2
Image of emphysema in the lung from a male F344/N rat in a chronic study
Lung - Emphysema (arrows) in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study. The peripheral airspaces are enlarged (arrows), but the rest of the lung is poorly inflated.
Figure 2 of 2
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comment:

Pulmonary emphysema ( Figure 1image opens in a pop-up window and Figure 2image opens in a pop-up window ) refers to enlargement of the alveolar airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of alveolar septa. Depending on the time frame, there may or may not be evidence of active destruction of the septa. The damage to the septa is irreversible. It can be focal or multifocal and may involve multiple lobes. Emphysema should be differentiated from the effects of overfilling the lungs with fixative at necropsy, which can be difficult; however, overfilling of the lungs can result in artifactually increased perivascular space.

Emphysema can result from a number of causes. Various proteases (e.g., porcine pancreatic elastase, papain, and human neutrophils elastase), endotoxin, cigarette smoke, and other agents have been used in rodents to model emphysema in humans. Inflammatory lesions may produce overinflation of the lungs by obstructing airways and allowing inhalation but hindering exhalation (the "ball and valve effect"); this must be differentiated from true emphysema. Sendai virus has been reported to cause emphysema in neonatal rats, presumably as a result of epithelial necrosis and inflammation, though infection by this agent is now rare due to modern animal husbandry practices.

recommendation:

Lung - Emphysema should be diagnosed and assigned a severity grade. Associated lesions, such as inflammation, should be diagnosed separately. If the lesion is considered to be an artifact, emphysema should not be diagnosed, but a tissue note may be entered to that effect.

related links:

Lung - Bronchiectasis

references:

Braber S, Koelink PJ, Henricks PA, Jackson PL, Nijkamp FP, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Blalock JE, Folkerts G. 2011. Cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema in mice is associated with prolyl endopeptidase, an enzyme involved in collagen breakdown. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 300:L255-L265.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112944

Castleman WL. 1992. Effects of infectious agents and other factors on the lungs. In: Pathobiology of the Aging Rat, Vol 1 (Mohr U, Dungworth DL, Capen CC, eds). ILSI Press, Washington, DC, 181-191.

Clauss M, Voswinckel R, Rajashekhar G, Sigua NL, Fehrenbach H, Rush NI, Schweitzer KS, Yildirim AÖ, Kamocki K, Fisher AJ, Gu Y, Safadi B, Nikam S, Hubbard WC, Tuder RM, Twigg HL, Presson RG, Sethi S, Petrache I. 2011. Lung endothelial monocyte-activating protein 2 is a mediator of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. J Clin Invest 121:2470-2479.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576822

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Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210748

Mahadeva R, Shapiro SD. 2002. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3: Experimental animal models of pulmonary emphysema. Thorax 57:908-914.
Full Text: http://thorax.bmj.com/content/57/10/908.full

Pires KM, Bezerra FS, Machado MN, Zin WA, Porto LC, Valença SS. 2011. N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine but not allopurinol prevented cigarette smoke-induced alveolar enlargement in mouse. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 175:322-330.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187166

Renne, R, Brix A, Harkema J, Herbert R, Kittle B, Lewis D, March T, Nagano K, Pino M, Rittinghausen S, Rosenbruch M, Tellier P, Wohrmann T. 2009. Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse respiratory tract. Toxicol Pathol 37(suppl):5S-73S.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032296

Stemmer KL, Bingham E, Barkley W. 1975. Pulmonary response to polyurethane dust. Environ Health Perspect 11:109-113.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1175548

Tátrai E, Brózik M, Náray M, Adamis Z, Ungváry G. 2001. Combined pulmonary toxicity of cadmium chloride and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. J Appl Toxicol 21:101-105.
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Triantaphyllopoulos K, Hussain F, Pinart M, Zhang M, Li F, Adcock I, Kirkham P, Zhu J, Chung KF. 2011. A model of chronic inflammation and pulmonary emphysema after multiple ozone exposures in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 300:L691-L700.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21355040

Volonte D, Galbiati F. 2009. Caveolin-1, cellular senescence and pulmonary emphysema. Aging (Albany NY) 1:831-835.
Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20157570

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Web page last updated on: December 07, 2015