Eye, Retina - Hemorrhage


comment:
Hemorrhage ( Figure 1


recommendation:
Retinal hemorrhage should be diagnosed and assigned a severity grade when it is a primary finding. Retinal hemorrhage secondary to other lesions, such as detachment or inflammation, should not be diagnosed separately (unless warranted by severity) but should be described in the pathology narrative.references:
Kakehashi A, Saito Y, Mori K, Sugi N, Ono R, Yamagami H, Shinohara M, Tamemoto H, Ishikawa SE, Kawakami M, Kanazawa Y. 2006. Characteristics of diabetic retinopathy in SDT rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 22:455-461. Full Text: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.638/full
Kuno H, Usui T, Eydelloth RS, Wolf ED. 1991. Spontaneous ophthalmic lesions in young Sprague-Dawley rats. J Vet Med Sci 53:607-614. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10845604
National Toxicology Program. 1997. NTP TR-450. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Tetrafluoroethylene (CAS No. 116-14-3) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). NTP, Research Triangle Park, NC. Abstract: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/6044
Nyska A, Maronpot RR, Ghanayem BI. 1999. Ocular thrombosis and retinal degeneration induced in female F344 rats by 2-butoxyethanol. Hum Exp Toxicol 18:577-582. Abstract: http://het.sagepub.com/content/18/9/577.abstract
Ramos M, Reilly CM, Bolon B. 2011. Toxicological pathology of the retina and optic nerve. In: Fundamental Neuropathology for Pathologists and Toxicologists (Bolon B, Butt MT, eds). Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 385-412. Abstract: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470939956.ch24/summary
Silva-Araújo AL, Tavares MA, Patacao MH, Carolino RM. 1996. Retinal hemorrhages associated with in utero exposure to cocaine: Experimental and clinical findings. Retina 16:411-418. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8912968
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